Narrowing a Topic

Partner Program Material Narrowing a Topic Example Worksheet Review the accompanying model worksheet: |What general subject have you chosen? |Education | |What segments, or subtopics, are identified with this subject? Numerous insights | |Classroom the executives | |Importance of advanced education | |Benefits of advanced education | |Elementary school | |Standardized testing | |Parental inclusion | |What specific part of this theme intrigues you most? | |Classroom the executives | |What is your motivation or objective for composing a paper on this theme? |To disclose to the peruser the different techniques for homeroom | |management utilized in the grade school study hall | |What questions would you like to reply or address in the article? |What styles of study hall the board exist? | |What impact does study hall the executives have on the homeroom? | |What is your limited point decision for last explanatory article? Study hall the executives in the grade school homeroom | |Is your theme still unreasonably expansive for the length of the paper? |No, I figure my limited point would be worthy for the length | |Explain your answer. Provided that this is true, by what method may you restricted it further? |of the last paper. I will have the option to clarify the different sorts | |of homeroom the board styles and clarify the impact that they | |have on the study hall. | Expository Essay Topic: Option 1 Worksheet If you chose Option 1 for this task, total the accompanying worksheet: |What general subject have you chosen? | |Video gaming | |What parts, or subtopics, are identified with this subject? |Types of games | |Price of games | |Hand and eye coordination and engine aptitudes | |Addictiveness/time the executives | |Violence identified with game play | |What specific part of this subject interests you most? | |Educational estimation of computer games in youngsters | |What is your motivation or objective for composing an exposition on this point? |To illuminate the peruser what instructive advantages computer games have | |upon a kid | |What questions would you like to reply or address in the exposition? How might a youngster profit by playing computer games | |What is your limited subject decision for last informative exposition? | |Is your point still unreasonably wide for the length of the paper? | |Explain your answer. Provided that this is true, in what manner may you tight it further? |

Introduction to Green Architecture and Design

Prologue to Green Architecture and Design Green engineering, or green structure, is a way to deal with building that limits the hurtful impacts of development extends on human wellbeing and the earth. The green modeler or fashioner endeavors to protect air, water, and earth by picking eco-accommodating structure materials and development rehearses. Building a greener home is a decision at any rate it is in many networks. Normally, structures are intended to meet construction regulation prerequisites, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) has reminded us, though green structure configuration moves creators to go past the codes to improve in general structure execution and limit life-cycle ecological effect and cost. Until nearby, state, and government open authorities are convinced to administer green procedures and measures simply like structure and fire counteraction rehearses have been systematized a lot of what we call green structure rehearses is up to the individual land owner. At the point when the land owner is the U.S. General Services Administration, results can be as unforeseen as the complex implicit 2013 for the U.S. Coast Guard. Regular Characteristics of a Green Building The most significant standard of green engineering is to be completely feasible. Basically, individuals do green things so as to accomplish supportability. Some engineering, similar to Glenn Murcutts 1984 Magney House, has been an investigation in green plan for a considerable length of time. While most green structures don't have the entirety of the accompanying highlights, green engineering and configuration may include: Ventilation frameworks intended for effective warming and coolingEnergy-proficient lighting and apparatuses (e.g., ENERGY STAR ® products)Water-sparing pipes fixturesLandscaping with local vegetation and wanted to expand uninvolved sun powered energyMinimal mischief to the normal habitatAlternative sustainable power source power sources, for example, sun oriented force or wind powerNon-manufactured, non-poisonous materials utilized inside and outLocally-acquired woods and stone, taking out long stretch transportationResponsibly-collected woodsAdaptive reuse of more seasoned buildingsUse of reused engineering salvageEfficient utilization of spaceOptimal area on the land, amplifying daylight, winds, and characteristic shelteringRainwater reaping and greywater reuse You dont need a green rooftop to be a green structure, albeit Italian engineer Renzo Piano made a green rooftop as well as indicated reused pants as protection in his plan of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. You dont need a vertical nursery or green divider to have a green structure, yet French designer Jean Nouvel has effectively explored different avenues regarding the idea in his plan for One Central Park private structure in Sydney, Australia. Development forms are a gigantic part of green structure. Extraordinary Britain changed a brownfield into the site of the London 2012 summer Olympic Games with an arrangement for how contractual workers would construct the Olympic town digging conduits, severe sourcing of building materials, reusing cement, and utilizing rail and water to convey materials were only a portion of their 12 green thoughts. The procedures were actualized by the host nation and regulated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a definitive expert for requiring Olympic-sized economical turn of events. LEED, the Green Verification LEED is an abbreviation meaning Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. Since 1993, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) has been advancing green structure. In 2000, they made a rating framework that manufacturers, designers, and planners can hold fast to and afterward apply for affirmation. Undertakings seeking after LEED affirmation procure focuses over a few classes, including vitality use and air quality, clarifies USGBC. In light of the quantity of focuses accomplished, a venture at that point acquires one of four LEED rating levels: Certified, Silver, Gold or Platinum. The confirmation accompanies a charge, however it tends to be adjusted and applied to any structure, from homes to corporate central station. LEED affirmation is a decision and not a necessity by the legislature, in spite of the fact that it might be a prerequisite in any private agreement. Understudies who enter their ventures in the Solar Decathlon are decided by a rating framework too. Execution is a piece of being green. Entire Building Design The National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) contends that supportability must be a piece of the entire structure process, from the very beginning of the venture. They dedicate a whole site to the WBDG-Whole Building Design Guide. Structure goals are interrelated, where planning for maintainability is only one perspective. A genuinely fruitful task is one where venture objectives are recognized right off the bat, they compose, and where the interdependencies of all structure frameworks are facilitated simultaneously from the arranging and programming stage. Green structural plan ought not be an extra. It ought to be the method of doing the matter of making a constructed situation. NIBS proposes that the interrelationships of these plan destinations must be comprehended, assessed, and suitably applied - openness; style; cost-viability; utilitarian or operational (the useful and physical necessities of a venture); noteworthy safeguarding; profitability (solace and strength of the inhabitants); security and wellbeing; and supportability. The Challenge Environmental change won't obliterate the Earth. The planet will continue for many years, long after human life has lapsed. Environmental change, be that as it may, can devastate the types of life on Earth that can't adjust sufficiently quick to new conditions. The structure exchanges have all in all perceived its job in adding to the ozone harming substances put into the environment. For instance, the assembling of concrete, the essential fixing in concrete, is supposedly one of the biggest worldwide supporters of carbon dioxide discharges. From poor plans to development materials, the industry is tested to change its ways. Planner Edward Mazria has started to lead the pack to change the structure business from a significant polluter to an operator of progress. He has suspended his own compositional practice to focus on the philanthropic association he built up in 2002. The objective set for Architecture 2030 is basically this: All new structures, improvements, and significant redesigns will be carbon-nonpartisan by 2030. One engineer who has taken the test is Richard Hawkes and Hawkes Architecture in Kent, United Kingdom. Hawkes exploratory home, Crossway Zero Carbon Home, is one of the initial zero carbon houses worked in the UK. The house utilizes a timbrel vault plan and creates its own power through sunlight based vitality. Looking to a Sustainable Future Green structure has many related names and ideas related with it, other than supportable turn of events. A few people accentuate the nature and have embraced names like eco-structure, eco-accommodating design, and even arcology. Eco-the travel industry is a 21st-century pattern, regardless of whether eco house plans may give off an impression of being a piece non-customary. Others submit their general direction to the ecological development, seemingly started by Rachel Carsons 1962 book Silent Spring-earth-accommodating design, natural engineering, characteristic design, and even natural design have parts of green engineering. Biomimicry is a term utilized by planners who use nature as a manual for green structure. For instance, the Expo 2000 Venezuelan Pavilion has petal-like overhangs that can be changed in accordance with control the interior condition similarly as a blossom may do. Mimetic design has for some time been an imitator of its environmental factors. A structure can look wonderful and even be developed from over the top expensive materials, however not be green. In like manner, a structure can be exceptionally green however outwardly unappealing. How would we get great engineering? How would we push toward what Roman designer Vitruvius proposed to be the three guidelines of engineering to be all around assembled, helpful by filling a need, and delightful to take a gander at? Sources Gissen, David (ed.) National Building Museum. Large and Green: Toward Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Century. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.How LEED Works. U.S. Green Building Council.Huseynov, Emir Fikret oglu. Arranging of Sustainable Cities taking into account Green Architecture. Procedia Engineering 21 (2011): 534â€42. Print.Masood, Osama Ahmed Ibrahim, Mohamed Ibrahim Abd Al-Hady, and Ahmed Khamies Mohamed Ali. Applying the Principles of Green Architecture for Saving Energy in Buildings. Vitality Procedia 115 (2017): 369â€82. Print.Ragheb, Amany, Hisham El-Shimy, and Ghada Ragheb. Green Architecture: A Concept of Sustainability. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016): 778â€87. Print.Shaviv, Edna. Aloof and Low Energy Architecture (Plea) Vs Green Architecture (Leed). 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. 2008. Plan Objectives. Whole Building Design Guide.Wines, James and Philip Jodidio. Green Architecture. Taschen, 2008.

Best Interview Tip Stop Trying to Impress the Interviewer

Best Interview Tip Stop Trying to Impress the Interviewer You probably have tried your best to pull off that sensational interview appearance, trying to wow your interviewer or impress the seeming almighty interview panel, but things just have not been going the way you expected, and you have been frustrated with your own performance during many recruitment campaigns.Perhaps, you had a great session with the interviewer/s and for some mysterious reason; you never got that call or e-mail telling you that you have been hired…oops. Well, I have some good advice for you and that is â€" stop trying to impress the interviewer.Many candidates should have landed the jobs by just being self-confident, but things start getting complicated in the interview room when they think or make it their sole focus to super-impress the interviewer.On getting to see the reaction that the interviewer is not impressed or looking beyond their awesome social skills as they did not imagine it would be at their rehearsals, they gradually lose self-esteem, begin to fi dget and fade off like an overly told joke.Then the sad reality begins to show its ugly face â€" their opportunity to land the gig is slipping off and their dream job is never coming.So, we thought we’ll put few things together to help you just before you go lose another wonderful opportunity via your splendid rehearsals aimed at impressing the interviewer that do not get the job for you.You know what the interviewer wants to hear and see, now you should learn what the interviewers do not want from their candidates.WHY YOU SHOULD NOT TRY TO IMPRESS THE INTERVIEWERAs I said earlier, as unbelievable as it might sound, it is high time you stopped trying to impress your interviewer. The major side effect of this age-long tactic is that many applicants gradually lose their confidence once it becomes evident that things are not going the way they planned it.An interviewer wants you to be bold and to hold your gun at all time. It shows him or her that you know your stuff rather than putt ing up a selfless and eventual comical display to get them impressed. At the end, you may never get to impress them.You may not absolutely agree to it yet but take it or leave it; an average person knows when you are trying to impress him or her. It becomes obvious and, you seem to have placed yourself on trial already when the real trial is yet to begin!As you may have noticed if you have gone for more than one interview, interviewers have different dispositions and approach. However, one thing is common especially for stern interviewers; they are really hard to please.The task of impressing them becomes even more herculean once they discover that you will say anything or put up any act just to impress them.You probably at this point have lost the battle and they may not be impressed at all. In fact, some will to get you off balance and put you on a hot seat (if you are not sweaty already). Then, the bad jokes set in. You crack them and laugh alone or get the compassionate laughter as consolation.This may make you lose your preparation and start making statements that are a ‘no-no’ for job interviews. Then, you have begun to lose the job. So, ask yourself if it is worth the stress.WHAT GOOD IMPRESSION IS NOTOne of the most important things any job seeker would realize is the need to be polite to all members of staff of the organization and of course, the interviewer.All interviewers look out for this quality as it is a pointer to what attitude they should expect from a potential employee.Thus, Mr. A, an averagely skilled, disciplined and polite applicant will be much preferred over Mr. J, a very skillful and resourceful applicant who is always retorting back, nasty and lacks composure.The reason is obvious. Organizations require interpersonal skills and courtesy as prerequisites for hiring because it will sometimes be crucial to maintaining and landing clients as well as maintaining subordination and discipline in the system. This makes many job seekers n aturally polite and humble at interviews.But guess what? The interviewer is not easily fooled. It is okay to be courteous and very polite in your answers but doing everything to please and being extraordinarily polite may put off your interviewer giving him the impression that you are being tricky and fake.Don’t forget that interviewers were once job applicants. So, your desire and aim to impress them with your ‘extreme’ courtesy may seem like tricks just to land the job. Summarily, be polite but do not overdo it.The other part is showing off. Take the scenario below for an example:Interviewer: So, Mr. A, can you tell me why you should be hired for this position in this company?Mr. A: (smiles, clears his throat and crosses his legs) Are you kidding me right now? Have you taken a good look at my C.V? Well, to answer your question, umm, I don’t know if you have been to the Google Branch in Singapore, or to Seoul or the Samsung Head office in South Africa, I designed their modu le for client assessment and customer service improvement. In fact, they regard me as a wizard and I have the personal contacts of the General Managers at these branches (he smiles again).From this scenario, while the applicant may think he has been able to wow the interviewer and blow him out of the water, a sound interviewer would be put off and the first logical question popping in the interviewer’s mind would be “If you have personal contacts with them, then why are you here?”Showing off often entails undue exaggeration of facts and most times, lies. Stick with the question that was asked. The question asked by the above interviewer centered on the applicant’s ability to function optimally and the unique edge he or she has to deliver what is needed in the office applied for and not the places or companies he has worked with.Employers are always looking for a team-player who knows his/her stuff and not a celebrity.IMPRESS THE INTERVIEWER OR BE SELF-CONFIDENT?Should I aim to please or just be self-confident of my skills? Most job seekers face this dilemma before the interview. With experience and interaction with other interviewers, there will always be preference or candidates who choose the latter. It naturally pleases the interviewer for an applicant to be self-confident.Sadly, most candidates aim to impress the interviewers at the expense of their self-esteem. Let us take a date for example. While a lady would want her date to go out of his way to blow her way out of her mind, a fidgeting or a date that is lacking in self-confidence just because he is trying to impress her would certainly have the odds stacked against him.The same goes for interviewers. If a candidate begins to fidget and lacking in confidence, he/she would create the bad impression on interviewers. Imagine if you discovered in the reaction and the looks on the face of your interviewers that they are not impressed.You will gradually lose the confidence you built for the interview and may begin to fidget. It generally indicates bad performance under pressure. Be confident in yourself. There is no way you can communicate your self-worth if your aim is to please the interviewer.WHAT YOU NEED TO DO BEFORE THE INTERVIEWIn preparing for an interview, there are a few things to do before attending the interview if you want to get a better shot at the job.I thought to include this section to help candidates who want to stop cutting through the corners and cheap means of appealing to the sense of pleasure of the interviewer and want to show that they have what it really takes to get the job.Here are just a few tips:Conduct research on the employer or employing company or organization.Don’t go to every interview with the same old information, update yourself.Conduct research on the hiring manager.Prepare yourself and check for self-confidence.Dress well for the occasion and not to blow the interviewer’s mind with your exclusive fashion taste (except the job requir es such creativity).More tips can be found at this link. WHAT YOU NEED TO DO AT THE INTERVIEWWhilst you have prepared hard and rehearsed well for your interview, there are probably a few things to note about the do’s and dont’s at the interview.Always maintain a good self-esteemNever look down on yourself or assume some other folks are better than you just because they look like it or speak like they do.They are having a good time displaying their self-esteem and you should not feel bad about yourself either. After all, you got the same interview too. So, feel good and be on top of your game.Inspire self-confidenceThere is a need to bring your confidence to the game. Only self-confident people can inspire others to place their trust in them and hire them for positions in their company.“Sell yourself” and not “Impress the Interviewer”This should be your focus at the interview â€" get the interviewers to like what you have to offer in respect of your skills and qualificati ons. Trying to impress the interviewer is cheap and veering off course.Understand that they are looking for an intelligent employee and not a dollDon’t just nod make the interview more formal than the interviewers want it. You are not a robot. Smile when you need to and ask reasonable questions pertaining to the company and its goals when given the opportunity.This shows you are not just interested in the paycheck but also in the growth and development of the organization.Remember, you have to be polite and confidentThis will involve you greeting courteously, shaking hands when offered and not squeezing or snapping fingers. You should also avoid gangster handshakes or swear in or out of the interview rooms.Politely greet and respond to all members and cadres of staff. This is very important as interviewers put these points into consideration. No employer likes a snub as an employee. Be polite and confident. HIGH SELF-ESTEEM IS NOT SHOW-OFFIn case you have been wondering, there is surely a difference between showing off and having a high self-esteem or evaluation. You should know your worth in the labor market and you do not have to be shy about it.Except you are working in for charity or purposely taking a pay cut or offering to do a job lower than your status for reasons best known to you, then you should evaluate yourself highly and make others see the same. This will make the company or organization value you and your skills set. This is quite different from show off.Show off is focusing more on your skills or yourself as an individual than the needs of the organization. Generally, interviewers want you to show them you know your stuff, but this does not eradicate the fact that they also want you to show that you are quite interested in or fascinated by the goals of the organization, believe in their achievability and effectively communicate how your addition can help advance their cause.So, you see, having a high self-evaluation is different from showing off. You should think highly of yourself but not above the organization or your own qualifications.Be very confident in what you can do. An interviewer once said that she had to remind a certain candidate that he was not lucky to be at the interview but considered to merit it.Do not disappoint the people who made the shortlist prematurely by your lack of confidence. Remember that you are not in the interview just by chance and even if it were by chance, you should make the most of it.ENJOY THE INTERVIEW TOO!What if I told you that you could make the interview room a place where you can dominate? Where don’t you have to be on a scale or a hot seat? A room where you can just enjoy the flow of events and answer a question with ease and no sweaty palms?The best candidates are those who are confident of what they have to offer. No fidgeting, no fear of not getting the job, no fear of the seeming devouring face of the interviewer and ultimately no fear of failing to impress the intervi ewer.Well, you just have to learn this one basic thing. The tensed atmosphere in the interview room is a figment of your imagination. Take it off your mind and it would be gone forever. Think of it this way, it is a room where you meet those who want to be convinced that you are the person they need to solve their problem.Interviewers are doing their jobs but not always boring or sad or anti-candidate professionals. They need you in the company. They need your skills and qualities. You must feel important and needed. As a matter of fact, they are in that room for you; just to hire someone like you!You get on with the flow. Enjoy their jokes genuinely and do not just nod and smile like a robot. Laugh heartily when the scenario demands and smile if it also demands the occasion. Like I said before, just be natural. Don’t apply too much pressure on yourself or put too many efforts trying to impress the interviewer.You would lose the originality of the occasion and may even pass for a person with terrible interpersonal skills. Your test of quality has also begun. Establish rapport and eye contact. It is the perfect way to communicate. They need to know you understand the organizational mode of communication and you also have to make them understand you.Learning to multitask is a great quality for a worker but much more is learning to think ahead and anticipate. If there is such euphoria in the interview room as the one described, then you must also learn to anticipate the next block they might throw at you. You cannot afford to be caught unawares or thrown off balance.However, if they got you one down, you do not have to worry or make the atmosphere tense. You do not have to get everything right. Just move on and do great.Hence, you have to be free in your mind and in the room yet alert. Allow them to connect with you even as you connect with them. Remember, a jovial interview where you were confident of your skills and qualities is one of the best ways to make t he interviewers remember you.THE ULTIMATE IMPRESSIONWell, this conversation is coming to an end but there are a few tips to drop off even at this point. A good reminder about interviewers is that they are professionals in the business of hiring those with the required qualifications and qualities for the job.Interviewers do not look for those can super-impress them with their nicely crafted words, rib cracking jokes or hefty show of work history or academic qualifications. The question on their mind is: “Who is able to fill the void in this company, fit in without stress and bring the best game to the table?”You tick those boxes and you are hot on and top of their list of candidates for the job. It would not matter if you could not crack a joke throughout the interview. You also cannot tick those boxes without being self-confident about your qualities and sure that you are good enough.Can you handle the demands of the job? Ticking all these invisible but salient boxes are what I call ‘The Ultimate Impression’. Having highlighted what the ultimate impression is, I think it is important to state what it is not. Aiming to please at all costs may be a disadvantage in achieving the ultimate impression on your interviewer.It may work in places where you are needed to relate to clients or customer service to an extent but certainly would not carry you far. Just note the following points:Crack all the jokes and you may still not fill in the gaps.Aiming to impress is not a strong feature.Self-confidence in your skills and qualities is the ultimate impression.So, dear job seeker, stop trying to impress the interviewer!Prepare well for the interview. It is a place to sell yourself to the interviewers and not to blow the mind or super-impress them. Self-confidence is the best and ultimate impression. Once you press your aim towards impressing the interviewer, you risk losing your confidence and ability to make the interviewer believe you are the man or woman for t he job.Overcome the anxiety that comes with interviews. It is not that tense as your mind makes it be. As a matter of fact. You can make the selection process actually enjoyable for yourself and still be alert at all times. Yes, you can pull it off. All you need is to make sure your attitude is positive and never tense.Be polite and do not overdo it. I am quite aware there are no hard and fast rules about interviews neither is there an absolute advice concerning interviews.However, there are some principles that are general and mutually inclusive. Attempting to impress an interviewer at the expense of your confidence or self-esteem will not be in your favor.So, it is time to call it quits on that tactic. Like I said, you did not get the job interview by luck but on merit. They need a person of your worth, skill and qualification.The interview is to verify this fact and see who can give the best delivery. That person is you and I believe you can pull it off so well without focusing t oo much of your efforts on impressing the interviewer.FINAL WORDTake note of the points discussed above and you could be the next candidate who will get the e-mail or call to resume work or come back to discuss terms of employment. You are worth it. Quit trying to impress the interviewer and prove that you are their next team member!

Love Yourself, There’s No One Better - 1294 Words

Marilyn Monroe once said, â€Å"Wanting to be someone else is a waste of the person you are.† Self-esteem is a big controversial issue in our country today. Self-esteem is the confidence in one’s own worth or abilities. Carl Rodgers was the first psychologist to study the benefits of self-esteem. The self-esteem movement began around 1969 and there was a big push when the ‘me’ generation began in 1985 (Stephenson, 2004). Parents and teachers began to praise kids instead of punish them and to teach them that there are no losers in life, only winners. Minorities began to push for equally in the work place and women were tired of being inferior to men. Everyone wanted to feel confident in themselves and what they were doing. So what is the†¦show more content†¦Before surgery, Nadia was picked on for her looks and did not have a lot of friends. She was very shy because of the way she felt about herself on the outside. â€Å"I look beautiful,† s aid Nadia Ilse after surgery, â€Å"This is exactly what I wanted.† Even though it worked for Nadia, is corrective surgery the right answer? Some parents argue plastic surgery teaches a kid that looks matter more than personality. It does contradict what most kids are taught growing up, but it backs what they see in the media. Most celebrities have had a nose job or breast implant at some point in their life and magazines and shows such as TMZ make it apparent. Plastic surgery costs money, that’s why you mostly only hear of celebrities having the procedures. When a teenager undergoes plastic surgery it sets them apart from other teenagers. â€Å"There’s an ‘ick factor’ in putting the responsibility on the victim to alter something about themselves rather than†¦ encouraging greater tolerance of differences among teen,† says Vivian Diller, a psychologist from New York who believes plastic surgery is not the answer to the bullying problem (Krishnan, 2013). The media, and sometimes parents, are sending a negative message about body image. Instead of allowing kids to fix what they do not like about their bodies, they should beShow MoreRelatedAbandonment Issue Essay816 Words   |  4 Pages You ask me what are abandonment issues? Look at me. Here I stand smiling at you full of fear and anxiety. Ill tell you what it is. Listen to my words. Listen without judgement. Your judgment only makes my anxiety worse. Put yourself in my lonely shoes. Abandonment issues are waking up with tear-stained pillow plastered to your face. 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Besides not having enough positions for currentRead MoreThe Road For Becoming Nurse Meika Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pagesmy time, budget, and keeping my stress level intact. No one ever said that the road was hard. You just have to know when to slow down take in the scenery, get off because you made a wrong turn, or just full throttle ahead because you’re sure of what lies ahead. I’ve always been the compassionate, helping, and eager to learn type of person. That’s why I always knew that the medical field would be the best fit. I have three daughters who I love more than anything and I always think about them before

The Eyeglasses as Essential Objects in Society Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The essential part of the eyeglasses is the lens with other parts being necessary for protection and assistance in the usage of the eyeglasses. The frames of the eyeglasses are made of metal or plastics or composites, with rims or sometimes they do not have rims. The frames vary in design the rimless glasses specification varies from other glasses and thus they affect the weight of the final eyeglass. The material of choice for the manufacturer is Flexon. Flexon is a material made from titanium-based alloy with a high memory factor enabling a twisted frame to return to the original shape. It has the capability of holding adjustments longer and is lighter in weight as compared to the metal frames. The workability of the Flexon is easier compared to metals and titanium when used in the process. The easiest material in terms of workability is plastic, but it has several disadvantages in the eyeglass. Flexon is hypo-allergenic, strong but also flexible and corrosion resistant. Metals h ave been used in the manufacture of Eyeglasses for over a long period of time. There are several metals and alloys used in the eyeglass frames. We will write a custom essay sample on The Eyeglasses as Essential Objects in Society or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The other disadvantage of the material is weight. Compared to plastic and Flexon, metal frames are heavier causing a strain on the nose of the user because the nose carries the weight of the spectacle. Stainless steel and aluminium are used in the making of the frames. Stainless steel does not provide a variety while aluminium is used by the high-end users because of its uniqueness it creates.

Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices Free Essays

Introduction The underlying aim of this research is to identify the impact of the changes suggested and implemented as part of Brown Review of Funding, in 2010, and to establish whether this has changed the overall funding approach to be taken by higher educational establishments, while also approving the raising of the fees’ cap up to a maximum of ?9,000. The previous maximum was ?3,375; therefore, the increase in tuition fees was potentially going to have a dramatic impact on the overall desirability for higher education and the degree choices that are made by students. This research paper aims to ascertain the decisions made by students and the impact that these fees have had on the industry, as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature Review Issues relating to the funding policy of education, with the fees charged to students arguably being one of the more high-profile elements of the policy, are many and complex. Existing literature in this area has therefore looked at various different aspects of the funding policy, all of which may be relevant when it comes to determining how the student body is likely to react to the changes, at ground level. Research by Chowdry et al., 2010, suggested that the complexity of the repayment system was in itself a potentially negative factor, although this did create a situation whereby the burden of these increased fees does vary, depending on underlying factors among students, such as parental income and the eligibility for grants and loans. Research by Chowdry indicated that the average debt for students when graduating is likely to be approximately ?59,100. Given this dramatic change, it is unsurprising that there is a relatively large amount of literature looking at student uptake of a university education, although historically this has largely been focused on the links between family background and university participation. For example, research by Blanden and Machin, in 2004, looked at the link between university participation and the achievements of students, based on parental income, both before and after the year 1998, where withdrawals had had a dramatic impact on the way in which university life was funded. This work was then updated in 2008, yet no direct impact was found, creating a gap in the literature. Research in this area also exists within the United States, with researchers such as Kane, 1994, using variances across the states and within the states to monitor and track student participation, based on tuition fees. This research was undertaken in a quantitative fashion, on the grounds that an increase of $1,000 in the tuition fees being charged could ultimately results in a decrease in attendance of approximately 3.7%. Other research has taken a slightly different approach when looking at the impact of financial support, rather than necessarily considering the impact of increased fees, with Dynarski (2000) finding that an increase of $1,000 in aid increased the level of participation by 4%, thus showing a greater sensitivity to assistance than it does from increasing fees. Research does, however, suggest that both the availability of assistance and changes in tuition fees are having a direct impact on the willingness of individuals to participate in higher education, yet the precise impact of the new UK reforms in 2010 still remain relatively unexplored. Research Philosophy, Strategy and Methodology The purpose of this research is to look at the substance of quantitative changes and the impact that these have had on an individual, to make decisions in relation to participation in higher education. Type of Research As the key issues at the heart of the research are to look at the thought patterns and behaviours of individuals, the appropriate research philosophy is interpretivist and phenomenological in nature, ensuring that the researcher takes into account the conscious decisions of the individual. The reasoning behind the decision to adopt this approach is based on the recognition that human decision-making is controlled by a variety of factors and not simply based on quantitative, rational and objective decision-making. The research will be a combination of quantitative and qualitative, as it is anticipated that an analysis of participation, such as that within the existing literature can be undertaken to determine the figures behind the change, yet it is also necessary to look for a descriptive element to the research, so that the thought patterns of students can be analysed. This phenomenological approach is much more humanistic in nature and recognises that opinion will be central to the ultimate findings within this research; however, this should be undertaken with a quantitative support structure, where appropriate. Research Approach and Strategy The underlying research approach is inductive in nature and involves taking a particular situation, in this case the increase in tuition fees, and developing general ideas and theories as to how this is likely to impact on various different elements of higher education. This will include not only looking at overall levels of participation, but also at the impact which this has had on decision-making in relation to which degree should be studied. This research being inductive enables the researcher to start by looking at the factual basis of an increase in fees and then to spread out from this point, in order to gather ideas and theories. Methodology The chosen methodology therefore will be to look at the precise nature of the changes and to identify any trends in participation between the two previous increases in fees and the year after the increase in fees, something which can be achieved by looking at the figures and facts from various institutions, before then going on to take the humanistic approach by undertaking questionnaires, interviews and focus groups with students and potential students, to determine whether the increase in fees leads to changes in decision-making in relation to the choice of course that can be attributed to the figures that have been identified. Ethical Implications There are several key considerations when it comes to ethical concerns during research of any nature and, in particular, in this case many of which are identified by Saunders et al., (2003). Some of the ethical considerations which have potential implications for this research have been identified, and the researcher is mindful that other ethical considerations may arise, on a case-by-case basis. The main concern at this stage is linked to the fact that information needs to be gained directly from the student in relation to their financial status and, as such, the privacy of those individuals is crucial, with individuals having to be confident that the information being provided will be maintained in confidence, although the research is going to be objective in nature when dealing with the information the participants provide. Participation in the research must necessarily be entirely voluntary, with any participant being free to leave the study at any point. Participants need to be clear on the purpose of the research and the role which they play, as well as offering them the opportunity to make changes to the responses and to gain access to their responses, at any point, to check that they have been reported accurately and make changes, if they deem appropriate. Data Collection Data collection from primary sources, i.e. students and potential students, will be gathered through the method of questionnaires, interviews and focus groups and will target existing students and those students who are making their higher education decision, at the moment, or in the foreseeable future. On the whole, therefore, this will focus on the age category of 17 to 20 years old, although where possible, some more mature students will also be interviewed, as they may have different perspectives in terms of their higher education decisions. The most appropriate form of data collection for the questionnaires has been determined as being online, as this is likely to encourage the greatest response, due to its flexibility and the likelihood that the majority of students and potential students will have at least an acceptable level of IT experience to be able to complete a questionnaire online. As interviews will also be conducted, the fact that the questionnaires will be on closed-end questions that can provide quantitative analysis does not present a particular limitation. A copy of the enclosed questionnaire will be contained in the appendix to this proposal and the format of the interviews and focus groups will be the same as questionnaires, but encouraging longer and more open ended responses, in order to obtain a better feel for the thought patterns behind the responses. A test pilot of 10 questionnaires has been undertaken and the responses are contained in the appendix. Analysis of Pilot Data The data collected as part of the pilot is contained in the appendix and it is concluded that the questions are appropriate when it comes to meeting the aims and objectives of the research. By asking the respondents about their current position in terms of their education and whether they are currently considering a university course as well as looking at the factors that are likely to influence the decision, a broader understanding of the influence of the increased fees can be ascertained. This questionnaire will also form the basis for the interviews and open-ended answers are expected in relation to these questions, offering explanations as to why certain answers have been given by the broader questionnaire sample. For example, all the respondents stated cost as an influence on their university choices and 6 respondents stated that it was their main factor when it came to the decision-making process, suggesting that there is on the face of it a strong indication that this factor is going have a direct bearing on university choices. This questionnaire will then lay the foundation for the broader analysis and in order to determine the precise impact that the increased fees are likely to have, and not simply determining that they do in fact have an impact, but rather, it is the nature of the impact that is going to be the formative part of this research. Overall Evaluation The research strategy, on the whole, is appropriate to the underlying aim of the research, as it combines quantitative information relating to the number of students and the choices in relation to courses. This is then to be combined with the thoughts and ideas of students entering into education, to ascertain the reasons behind these quantitative changes. This issue is, however, likely to be personal to individuals and, as such, there will be limitations in the fact that it is not possible to gain responses from every single potential students simply cannot be obtained on generalisations which are likely to be present during research of this nature. References BLANDEN, J., GREGG, P. MACHIN, S. (2003) Changes in Educational Inequality. CMPO Working Paper Series No 03/079. BLANDEN, J MACHIN, S. (2008) ‘Up and Down the Generational Income Ladder in Britain: Past Changes and Future Prospects’ National Institute Economic Review 2008; 205; 101. BROWNE REVIEW (2010) Securing a Sustainable Future for Higher Education in England. www.independent.gov.uk/browne-report CHOWDRY, H., CRAWFORD, C., DEARDEN, L., GOODMAN, A. and VIGNOLES, A. (2010) ‘Widening Participation in Higher Education: Analysis Using Linked Administrative Data’, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) Working Paper W10/04. How to cite Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices?, Essay examples

Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices Free Essays

Introduction The underlying aim of this research is to identify the impact of the changes suggested and implemented as part of Brown Review of Funding, in 2010, and to establish whether this has changed the overall funding approach to be taken by higher educational establishments, while also approving the raising of the fees’ cap up to a maximum of ?9,000. The previous maximum was ?3,375; therefore, the increase in tuition fees was potentially going to have a dramatic impact on the overall desirability for higher education and the degree choices that are made by students. This research paper aims to ascertain the decisions made by students and the impact that these fees have had on the industry, as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature Review Issues relating to the funding policy of education, with the fees charged to students arguably being one of the more high-profile elements of the policy, are many and complex. Existing literature in this area has therefore looked at various different aspects of the funding policy, all of which may be relevant when it comes to determining how the student body is likely to react to the changes, at ground level. Research by Chowdry et al., 2010, suggested that the complexity of the repayment system was in itself a potentially negative factor, although this did create a situation whereby the burden of these increased fees does vary, depending on underlying factors among students, such as parental income and the eligibility for grants and loans. Research by Chowdry indicated that the average debt for students when graduating is likely to be approximately ?59,100. Given this dramatic change, it is unsurprising that there is a relatively large amount of literature looking at student uptake of a university education, although historically this has largely been focused on the links between family background and university participation. For example, research by Blanden and Machin, in 2004, looked at the link between university participation and the achievements of students, based on parental income, both before and after the year 1998, where withdrawals had had a dramatic impact on the way in which university life was funded. This work was then updated in 2008, yet no direct impact was found, creating a gap in the literature. Research in this area also exists within the United States, with researchers such as Kane, 1994, using variances across the states and within the states to monitor and track student participation, based on tuition fees. This research was undertaken in a quantitative fashion, on the grounds that an increase of $1,000 in the tuition fees being charged could ultimately results in a decrease in attendance of approximately 3.7%. Other research has taken a slightly different approach when looking at the impact of financial support, rather than necessarily considering the impact of increased fees, with Dynarski (2000) finding that an increase of $1,000 in aid increased the level of participation by 4%, thus showing a greater sensitivity to assistance than it does from increasing fees. Research does, however, suggest that both the availability of assistance and changes in tuition fees are having a direct impact on the willingness of individuals to participate in higher education, yet the precise impact of the new UK reforms in 2010 still remain relatively unexplored. Research Philosophy, Strategy and Methodology The purpose of this research is to look at the substance of quantitative changes and the impact that these have had on an individual, to make decisions in relation to participation in higher education. Type of Research As the key issues at the heart of the research are to look at the thought patterns and behaviours of individuals, the appropriate research philosophy is interpretivist and phenomenological in nature, ensuring that the researcher takes into account the conscious decisions of the individual. The reasoning behind the decision to adopt this approach is based on the recognition that human decision-making is controlled by a variety of factors and not simply based on quantitative, rational and objective decision-making. The research will be a combination of quantitative and qualitative, as it is anticipated that an analysis of participation, such as that within the existing literature can be undertaken to determine the figures behind the change, yet it is also necessary to look for a descriptive element to the research, so that the thought patterns of students can be analysed. This phenomenological approach is much more humanistic in nature and recognises that opinion will be central to the ultimate findings within this research; however, this should be undertaken with a quantitative support structure, where appropriate. Research Approach and Strategy The underlying research approach is inductive in nature and involves taking a particular situation, in this case the increase in tuition fees, and developing general ideas and theories as to how this is likely to impact on various different elements of higher education. This will include not only looking at overall levels of participation, but also at the impact which this has had on decision-making in relation to which degree should be studied. This research being inductive enables the researcher to start by looking at the factual basis of an increase in fees and then to spread out from this point, in order to gather ideas and theories. Methodology The chosen methodology therefore will be to look at the precise nature of the changes and to identify any trends in participation between the two previous increases in fees and the year after the increase in fees, something which can be achieved by looking at the figures and facts from various institutions, before then going on to take the humanistic approach by undertaking questionnaires, interviews and focus groups with students and potential students, to determine whether the increase in fees leads to changes in decision-making in relation to the choice of course that can be attributed to the figures that have been identified. Ethical Implications There are several key considerations when it comes to ethical concerns during research of any nature and, in particular, in this case many of which are identified by Saunders et al., (2003). Some of the ethical considerations which have potential implications for this research have been identified, and the researcher is mindful that other ethical considerations may arise, on a case-by-case basis. The main concern at this stage is linked to the fact that information needs to be gained directly from the student in relation to their financial status and, as such, the privacy of those individuals is crucial, with individuals having to be confident that the information being provided will be maintained in confidence, although the research is going to be objective in nature when dealing with the information the participants provide. Participation in the research must necessarily be entirely voluntary, with any participant being free to leave the study at any point. Participants need to be clear on the purpose of the research and the role which they play, as well as offering them the opportunity to make changes to the responses and to gain access to their responses, at any point, to check that they have been reported accurately and make changes, if they deem appropriate. Data Collection Data collection from primary sources, i.e. students and potential students, will be gathered through the method of questionnaires, interviews and focus groups and will target existing students and those students who are making their higher education decision, at the moment, or in the foreseeable future. On the whole, therefore, this will focus on the age category of 17 to 20 years old, although where possible, some more mature students will also be interviewed, as they may have different perspectives in terms of their higher education decisions. The most appropriate form of data collection for the questionnaires has been determined as being online, as this is likely to encourage the greatest response, due to its flexibility and the likelihood that the majority of students and potential students will have at least an acceptable level of IT experience to be able to complete a questionnaire online. As interviews will also be conducted, the fact that the questionnaires will be on closed-end questions that can provide quantitative analysis does not present a particular limitation. A copy of the enclosed questionnaire will be contained in the appendix to this proposal and the format of the interviews and focus groups will be the same as questionnaires, but encouraging longer and more open ended responses, in order to obtain a better feel for the thought patterns behind the responses. A test pilot of 10 questionnaires has been undertaken and the responses are contained in the appendix. Analysis of Pilot Data The data collected as part of the pilot is contained in the appendix and it is concluded that the questions are appropriate when it comes to meeting the aims and objectives of the research. By asking the respondents about their current position in terms of their education and whether they are currently considering a university course as well as looking at the factors that are likely to influence the decision, a broader understanding of the influence of the increased fees can be ascertained. This questionnaire will also form the basis for the interviews and open-ended answers are expected in relation to these questions, offering explanations as to why certain answers have been given by the broader questionnaire sample. For example, all the respondents stated cost as an influence on their university choices and 6 respondents stated that it was their main factor when it came to the decision-making process, suggesting that there is on the face of it a strong indication that this factor is going have a direct bearing on university choices. This questionnaire will then lay the foundation for the broader analysis and in order to determine the precise impact that the increased fees are likely to have, and not simply determining that they do in fact have an impact, but rather, it is the nature of the impact that is going to be the formative part of this research. Overall Evaluation The research strategy, on the whole, is appropriate to the underlying aim of the research, as it combines quantitative information relating to the number of students and the choices in relation to courses. This is then to be combined with the thoughts and ideas of students entering into education, to ascertain the reasons behind these quantitative changes. This issue is, however, likely to be personal to individuals and, as such, there will be limitations in the fact that it is not possible to gain responses from every single potential students simply cannot be obtained on generalisations which are likely to be present during research of this nature. References BLANDEN, J., GREGG, P. MACHIN, S. (2003) Changes in Educational Inequality. CMPO Working Paper Series No 03/079. BLANDEN, J MACHIN, S. (2008) ‘Up and Down the Generational Income Ladder in Britain: Past Changes and Future Prospects’ National Institute Economic Review 2008; 205; 101. BROWNE REVIEW (2010) Securing a Sustainable Future for Higher Education in England. www.independent.gov.uk/browne-report CHOWDRY, H., CRAWFORD, C., DEARDEN, L., GOODMAN, A. and VIGNOLES, A. (2010) ‘Widening Participation in Higher Education: Analysis Using Linked Administrative Data’, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) Working Paper W10/04. How to cite Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices?, Essay examples

Mathematics free essay sample

Mathematics is a subject that I have thoroughly enjoyed throughout my school years. The challenge of thinking and the process of logic always attract me to Mathematical problems, however difficult and regardless of the form in which they come. My aptitude towards mathematics aroused because of its simplicity, that as long as you follow the right steps in a systematic order, you will reach the correct answer. At the same time, the challenge which it provides, with its complex yet logical questions, makes it highly addictive for me. My appreciation of Maths has slowly matured over the years and my A+ in both Maths and Additional Maths in Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (Malaysian Certificate of Education) gave me enough self-confidence to take on the challenge of A-level Mathematics. In terms of my intended degree, my most useful applied module is Statistics, as I have seen its importance and regular usage in Actuarial Science and because I am fascinated at how convenient it can be to handle and process figures so that they may be manipulated to produce a feasible mathematic model. We will write a custom essay sample on Mathematics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My obsession with numbers remained limited to writing pads, until I read about John Nash, the American mathematician, who invented his famous Nash Equilibrium, a very integral part of economic and financial systems across the world. It is from this point on I became increasingly fascinated by how numbers can directly or indirectly affect humans, and, for this reason, I wish to pursue a career in Actuarial Sciences. I imagine myself fully capable of coping with the level of sophistication and amount of thinking involved in mathematical and other related courses in the universities. I have enjoyed studying Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics at AS Level, and achieved percentage uniform mark of 100 in all three subjects. Chemistry and Physics have helped me solve problems with a more planned and analytical approach. As I see it, a single difference in the electrons of an atom, or a slight change in the magnitudes of gravitational forces, can drastically alter the way proceeding mechanisms are affected. I too, in a similar sense wish to be a part of a positive change with slight forward steps at a time. I quite enjoy activities which involve physical exertion of any kind. Other than football and badminton, I am usually found playing basketball. I am an avid fan video games. I play games to release stress, though owing to self-discipline, I never get addicted. The reason I wish to study in Hong Kong, and not other countries is the chance of interacting with people from all around the globe in a friendly and safe environment. I believe learning about other cultures, and the outlooks which come from these places, will greatly help me to think in moderation, with an increased appreciation towards several traditions and practices. Besides, I have chosen to study in HKU for its teaching reputation and in the hope that it will build effectively on my British-style education here in Malaysia; the contrast between an upbringing in the 3rd world country and life as a student in the 1st world country will hopefully inspire me to make the very best of this opportunity. I trust that in due time I will have developed the necessary skills and experience to have what it takes to tackle the course but as far as confidence goes, I am passionate about my career choice.

Artificial Contraception Essays - Barrier Contraception, Fertility

Artificial Contraception There are many forms of artificial contraception. I am going to discuss some of those forms and the Church's opinion. Condoms, or rubbers, are shaped like a balloon and are made of a special kind of rubber. Condoms prevent sperm from reaching the cervix. They are placed over the male's erect penis before intercourse. They are 80-90% effective. No prescription is needed to use them. They protect against STD's. They are more protective in preventing AIDS, then preventing pregnancy. They are not fully effective because they can break, have defects, be slippery, or it can be too old. Spermicides such as: creams, foams, vaginal supporsitones, and vaginal film form a chemical barrier that kills or makes the sperm inactive, which makes it impossible to become pregnant. They are 80% effective. It is available without a prescription and provides some STD protection. Effectiveness is increased if used with condoms. Vasectomies are common for men. The tube that carries the sperm is cut and tied which prevents sperm from being ejaculated. It is 99% effective This procedure is permanent and is done through a small incision near the testicles. It does not affect sexual arousal. A cervical cap is a soft rubber dome that forms a barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the cervix. The spermicidal gel kills the sperm. It is 85% effective. It may give some protection against chlamydia and gonorrhea. The diaphragm does the same thing as a cervical cap and is 85% effective. It is a flat rubber-like disk which has to be fitted from a doctor. It is placed inside the woman's vagina before having intercourse. It is often used with cream or jelly that is placed around the edge of the diaphragm. There is a very high failure rate because sometimes they are not fitted or inserted correctly. They create fewer health risks for women. It may reduce the risk of cervical cancer and provides some STD protection. There are also injections for men and women. In men, a drug is injected into the sperm duct to disable the sperm for a period of time. Depo-Provera injections that contain the hormone, progesterone is injected and it prevents the release of an egg from the ovary. It is 99% effective. It is long lasting and highly effective. It also protects against uterine cancer. But it does not protect against STD's. Female condoms are 75-85% effective but 95% effective if used correctly. The container end of the female condom is placed inside the vagina before intercourse. The Contraceptive Sponge is what a woman inserts inside her vagina over the cervix. The sponge is 85% effective. Since it can be inserted incorrectly it is not that effective. It releases a protective spermicidal gel. The sponge forms a barrier to sperm reaching the cervix. The only one available is Protectaid. It may protect against STD's. Intrauterine devices a metal objects placed inside the woman's uterus that prevents the fertilized ovum from being implanted into the uterine wall. Intrauterine Devices(IUD's) are 97-99% effective. It does not prevent contraception. It is an abortificaent rather than a contraceptive. It must be inserted by a doctor. Two types are available: progesterone and Copper-T. It does not protect against STD's. They are very painful and doctors do not always do them because they have serious side effects like, hemorrhaging. Contraceptive Pills that are taken daily imitate the woman's daily body cycle. It has been among the most effective forms of artificial means of birth control. It may have some harmful side effects like; blood clots, sterility, and strokes. The Birth Control Pill is 99% effective. Man made hormones, estrogen and progesterone mimic the ones your body naturally produces, which makes progesterone cause the uterus lining to change and estrogen prevents the egg from maturing and being released. It does not protect against STD's. It may reduce the risk of ovarian and uterine cancer. Female sterilization is 99% effective. It is commonly called ?tying the tubes.? It blocks the tube which carries the egg to the uterus by cutting or tying it, which prevents the man's sperm from fertilizing the egg. It is surgically permanent. In some cases though it has been reversed. The ?Morning After Pill? is

Canning and the Eastern Question Essay Example

Canning and the Eastern Question Essay Example Canning and the Eastern Question Essay Canning and the Eastern Question Essay Essay Topic: History In 1822 Castlereagh committed suicide and George Canning was appointed as the new British Foreign Secretary, a position he kept until his death in 1827. Castlereagh as Foreign Secretary had played a leading role in the defeat of Napoleon and was very keen to use the Congress System to restore peace in Europe; Canning however was more hostile to the Congress System as he believed British interests lay outside Europe and he had no good relationship with the other European statesmen. By his death in 1827 he had played a major role in the death of the Congress System but had also managed to successfully maintain British interests. At this time the Ottoman Empire was very large containing South Eastern Europe and parts of Asia and North Africa. However as it was such a huge ramshackle of different nationalities and religions in order for it to be governed effectively it needed a strong leadership from Constantinople, which the Turkish Sultan of this time couldnt offer, since 1815 the Ottoman Empire had been in decline. (The Ottoman Empire) After Frances defeat previously Russia was now considered the biggest threat to the balance of power in Europe. It had great military power due to the seemingly unlimited supply of peasant conscripts to its armed services. The weak Ottoman Empire was always being watched by Russia who was continuously pushing its boundaries Southwards towards Constantinople and the Straits. Russia was hoping to gain land and access through the Black Sea into the Mediterranean. Britain feared that if this occurred Russia would be able to threaten British trade and naval dominance in that area and also its important trade routes to India. Britain was not committed to maintaining the Empire but did not want to see it fall to Russia, however it was in the best interests for Austria to strengthen the Ottoman Empire as it was a useful buffer against Russian expansion and Austria had no designs on the land itself. France also wanted to see the Ottoman Empire preserved as it had long standing political and commercial links with Turkey and hoped to extend its influence over the area via the Pasha of Egypt, Mehmet Ali. At the Congress of Vienna the major European powers had restored monarchies to every European country but the 19th Century has been labelled The Age of Nationalism as individual countries wanted the right to look after their own interests free from the influence of a foreign power. The old monarchical powers such as Austria and Russia were terrified of revolution and the European powers all had a solid stance to crush any revolts. However the Greek uprising of 1822 against the Ottoman Empire was different. The deeply religious Russians were concerned with their fellow Orthodox Christians fighting to free themselves from Muslim rule. It seemed likely that Russia would become involved in this conflict as the Russians saw themselves as the unofficial guardians of the Orthodox religion and also relations between the Ottoman Empire and Russia were already poor as the Russians had been left feeling aggrieved after the Ottomans pulled out of the 1812 Bucharest Agreement. There was also a lot of sympathy for the Greek Revolution in Britain, especially throughout the educated elite; there were many volunteers who went there to fight for the Greeks such as Lord Byron the romantic poet who eventually died for the cause. The Greeks had even sent a deputation to Britain begging for help. The sympathy increased for the Greeks when the Turks conducted a massacre of Greek Orthodox Christians and murdered the Patriarch of Constantinople on Easter Sunday in 1821. In April 1821 the Greeks of Morea killed thousands of the local Turks and the Turks then retaliated with even worse horrors. This caused another surge in European public sympathy and in 1823 Canning recognized the Greeks as Co-belligerents, which meant he recognised Greeks right to take up arms against an unpopular Turkish regime. This sympathy for the Greeks however, was strongest in Russia, where it was going to be hard for the government to ignore such public feeling. The Tsar Alexander I initially wanted to intervene but Metternich, who arguing against supporting Nationalistic causes on the grounds that all revolutions must be prevented and that they were all centred from Paris, dissuaded him. However in December 1825 Tsar Alexander I died and the new Tsar, Nicholas I was ready for immediate intervention with or without international cooperation. He wanted to establish himself quickly in the eyes of his people and Europe and to avenge atrocities against Greek Orthodox Christians; also weakening the Turkish Empire would bring benefits to Russia. Canning now had to make sure the Russians didnt gain too much in this area. Turkey needed help to fight the Greek revolt and turned to Mehmet Ali, who held land in Egypt directly as a favour from the Turkish Sultan and was therefore obliged to help the Sultan if his interest were threatened. Between 1826 and 1827 an Egyptian army, under Mehmet Alis son Ibrahim Pasha, gained the upper hand over the Greek rebels. Canning tried to prevent Russia entering a war by sending Wellington to St Petersburg to offer solving the dispute by mediation to the new Tsar. Canning decided Britain must act to: * Prevent Turkey being weakened too much as it was a useful buffer against Russian expansion in the Balkans. * Make sure Russia didnt make too much advantage e. g. possession of Constantinople He may also have intervened to break up the Congress System, which he despised; he knew Anglo Russian cooperation would infuriate Metternich. The outcome was the Protocol of St Petersburg of April 1926 with which the British and the Russians offered mediation to the Turks as long as the Greeks retained some form of self-government. Britain, Russia and France confirmed this by attending the July 1827 Treaty of London where they guaranteed Greek self-government by force if necessary and a joint nav al expedition set out for Greece. Canning was now under great pressure as the Austrians and Prussians objected to this support of revolution and the Turks were refusing to sign the treaty. In August 1827 Canning died, probably brought on by overwork. Meanwhile the joint 27-ship fleet was blockading the Turkish-Egyptian fleet of 81 ships in the Greek, Navarino Bay. Though under orders to avoid hostilities, the British Admiral Codrington decided to force the issue by sailing into the bay. The Turks opened fire and a full-scale battle developed lasting four hours. It was a disaster for the Turks and their allies; 61 ships and about 4000 men were lost in October 1827. There was no prospect of the Turks recapturing Greece whose independence was recognised in 1830 and her frontiers were decided in 1832. In the end Cannings work in the Near East had mixed success. He had helped to achieve a completely independent Greece however his wider aim of limiting Russian gains by cooperation with her had been ruined by Wellington who failed to grasp Cannings intentions.

ACCIDENT victim interview retport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ACCIDENT victim interview retport - Essay Example In the course of the tasks requiring patients to be carried to change positions or to be assisted in going to the toilet, Ms. NA had to contend with exerting much effort to assist a patient who was apparently overweight. She was asked to assist the patient to go to the bathroom. Normally, there was a family member to assist, in addition to just relying on Ms. NA. However, since the family member had an important errand to make, Ms. NA was left alone to do the task. She managed to take the patient to and from the bathroom but the weight was already pressing on her arms and hands. When she had to exert one more full effort to ensure that the patient is situated comfortably on the bed, she felt that she has extreme pain on her right hand and felt extreme back pains and had to be relieved from the remaining time in her job that particular day. The date that the injury happened was September 5, 2012. From the occupational injuries noted, Ms. NA filed for absence from work due to sickness for one week, starting on the date of the injury, September 5 up to September 10, 2012. From examination with an orthopedic doctor, it was revealed that though there was no dislocation on her right hand, there appears to be swelling due to muscle strain. Further, examination on her back also noted lower back injuries, in conjunction with musculoskeletal disorders. In this regard, five days leave was prescribed with medications ranging from anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamin supplements, and intermittent occupational therapy on the affected areas. The incident did not result in OSHA visit since it was assumed that the occupational injuries and illnesses were sustained as normal and regular part of Ms. NA’s responsibilities as nursing aide. However, since the nurse manager was advised on the incident, it was evident that there were changes to the workplace that were needed. As such, it was evaluated that nursing aides who are

The value of HRM to business organization Literature review

The value of HRM to business organization - Literature review Example One of the systems through which businesses always survive when the economy is on the descent is training its workforce. This paper, seeks to evaluate the consequences brought about by training the workforce (Sams 2009, 497). It seeks to analyze if investing in training makes the various businesses make a large profit out of the prevailing economic situations. During economic turbulence, employee training comes at the back seat by several businesses. This is with the aim of reducing the expenses (King 2007, 38). However, some organizations normally continue employing training even under tougher times. Some of the ways through which businesses can go about training during tough times include, reducing the duration, which the training course was to take, and practicing internal training. Technology also comes in handy during such situations as some organizations encourage e learning (Watanabe 2010, 56). If the research carried out in the United Kingdom during the 2008-2009 economic slu mps is anything to go by, then training might just be the perfect antidote for such times. The research found out that those businesses that focused on training managed to get back on their feet soon after the downfall. This is because training prepared the employees and the organization at large to be well prepared for the slump and they found a way of maneuvering through it (Jacobs 2003, 59). Similarly, the general classification of training as a tactic for endurance helped the organizations get back to their feet. Supplementary to that, training had an overall impact of reducing costs. This is because training boosts the attitude of the employees and due to the assurance, they carried out their duties as required and in the process avoiding damages. Studies showed that adequate training enabled the organizations survive in case such downfalls took place in the future (Adegoke 2013, 25). By this, it means that the employees shall become much proficient in whatever they do. This ph enomenon is of great significance mainly because the employees will be able to venture into new methodologies and technologies (Lawson 2002, 96). The new methodologies by all standards shall enable the businesses to register extraordinary profits. Training of employees plays a major role towards increasing the morale of employees. The fact that the employer invests in the employees and the reason that the employer will be after their well-being, makes the staff-members give their best for the company (Wisconsin 2009, 119). Moreover, research has established that training of employees during tough times does make them not to worry about job security. Similarly, the employees become more satisfied and they feel much appreciated and valued by the employers. The overall effect of this will be to increase overall productivity of the business due to increase in the level of commitment (Hawthorne 2007, 92). Research has also established that training employees during economic turbulence he lps in broadening their career network in that, they shall meet other professionals who will inspire their success in their respective fields (Russell 2007, 46). One can achieve this through organization of seminars and attending of various conferences. In addition, the conferences act as information sources because they provide up to date information in the specific field that the employers are pursuing (Buckley 2009, 85). In a similar situation, frequent training enables the

Relationship Between Savings and Inflation

Relationship Between Savings and Inflation Savings help cushion the business cycle as the economy faces hard economic situations (Syden, 2014). To have a sustainable economic growth, there is a need for sustainable resources to support it. That is why savings are needed to finance capital spending. These high savings rate levels have allowed the economy to gain high levels of investment (Horioka Terada-Hagiwara, 2011). China’s domestic savings rate is one of the highest in the world (Loayza, Schmidt-Hebbel, Serven, 2000). Inadequate savings would leave the economy vulnerable to shocks in income uncertainty and unexpected rise in prices. At 52% of the national GDP, China’s domestic savings rate is among the highest in emerging markets inadequate savings leave households vulnerable to shocks in income and rising prices, add burden to government in providing retirement assistance, constrain individuals in accumulating wealth inadequate savings leave households vulnerable to shocks in income and rising prices, add burden to government in providing retirement assistance, constrain individuals in accumulating wealth. Many factors come into play with regard to how much to spend and how much to ‘keep’ for future spending. REVIEW LITERATURE There have been a lot of theoretical and empricical research studies about the relationship of savings on different factors like inflation rate, unemployment rate, and interest rate. It has been argued that savings are important, and when the economy is hit hard, having money in the bank can ease the problem (Elmerraji, 2010). Saving rates around the world differs widely. (Loayza, Schmidt-Hebbel, Serven, 2000) stated that China, world’s fastest growing economy, had one of the largest national saving rates in the world. Those at Sub-Saharan Africa save less than 15% of their gross national disposable income while East Asia saves more than 30%. In recent years, saving rates have doubled in East Asia while those in Latin America were stagnated. What people do not spend after consuming part of their income is called personal savings. People tend to put their savings on bank accounts or partly invested (Piana, 2003). Given a certain income, the decision of consuming a good negatively affects savings. Postponing such consumption would increase savings and in contrast, savings can rise due to negative expectations for future income. As economic shocks occur on business cycles, households experience hard time in unexpected reduction in income. According to the Life-cycle hypothesis by Milton Freidman, people would eventually save more and minimize consumption to avoid future uncertainty. (Zaman, Carannate, Ferra, 2013) In times of economic crisis like the recent financial crisis on 2008, policy measures and uncertainty affects household consumption and saving decisions. In the Spanish economy, after the great recession, there has been an evolution of saving rates (Bande Riveiro, 2012). The behavior of households has changed after the great recession, through increasing saving rates. Large increase in savings rates is connected to the increased uncertainty in the future (Bande Riveiro, 2012). EMPLOYMENT Macroeconomic instability which is measured by inflation, causes an upward trend in saving. The season of high inflation and high unemployment, as well as cutting public benefits have raised income uncertainty and changed the expected future income of the economy (Chowdhurry, 2014). When an economy has a crisis, it leads to unemployment, and the risk of future uncertainty in income makes households save more (Zaman, Carannate, Ferra, 2013). When part of the households are affected with future uncertainty of income, it stimulates to low demand and consumption which would worsen the economic situation of the country. Financial crisis happens when labor market is distorted with high unemployment, changing households’ structure of saving portfolio. Any sort of financial crisis leading to a recession would have a significant effect on household savings. ECONOMIC GROWTH Growth models includes Harrod (1939), Domar (1946) states that economic growth is highly dependent on level of savings and output ration. These models indicate that increase in saving means high investment which stimulates economic growth. The availability of funds for investment increases as effect of having higher savings (Sothan, 2014). The higher the level of saving rate leads to increased capital stock that in progress leads to a high level of output. Business Cycle Different economies go through different patterns of ups and downs in the value of its Gross Domestic Product (Riley, 2012). This business cycle has four phases namely boom, recession, depression, and recovery. Economic boom has high consumer spending, profits, and investment. Unemployment tends to be low in this economic situation. Economic Recession has low level of consumer spending, income, and investment, and has a rising unemployment as businesses cut costs. Economic depression is when there is a declining GDP, showing weak level of consumer spending and investment, rapid rise of unemployment and prices starting to fall. Economic recovery is when economic situation starts to get better and consumers begin to increase spending and investment. Every country’s goal is for an economy to achieve a sustainable level of growth (Riley, 2012). Trend growth rate is what helps assess and compare the growth of the different economies. (Lequiller Blades, 2007) REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE EFFECT OF INFLATION ON SAVINGS RATE Almost all the past literatures that were found concerning the relationship of the variables inflation rate and savings rate concluded that the relationship between the two are positive and significant. In a cross-sectional data on inflation rates and savings rates of various countries in the world, both developed and developing, the results obtained in the recent study showed that inflation rates of all the countries positively impacts each of the countries’ savings rate (Cheng Li, 2014). El-Seoud (2014) conducted a study on the effect of Gross Domestic Product, interest rate, and inflation rate on the national saving rate in the kingdom of Bahrain over the past 20 years. The researcher found that inflation rate has a positive relationship and significant impact on Bahrain’s saving rate in both the long run and short run. Similarly, Syden (2014) also found that in their study of South Africa’s 48 years of household savings data, inflation significantly creates a positive impact on the continent’s saving rate. As for the case of Turkey, Er, Tugcu, Coban (2014) used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach and the study’s results indicated that there that inflation positively affects inflation rate and savings but there was no relationship of significance between inflation and savings in the short run. Using two stage least squares model, the study of Chaturvedi, Kumar Dholakia (2009) on the relationship between economic growth, inflation, and saving rate in Asia revealed that inflation rate has a positive effect on the interest rates of the Asian countries as well. On the other hand, Heer Suessmuth (2006) utilized data of the inflation and saving rates from United States postwar period in order to analyze the monetary policy regimes of the three eras, namely the Pre-Volcker Era (’65-’78), Volcker Era (’79-’87), and the Greenspan Era (’88-’98). There appeared to be ambiguous resu lts on the effect of inflation on the saving rates. In the Pre-Volcker Era and Greenspan Era, inflation negatively affected the saving rates. In the Volcker Era, on the other hand, inflation is positively associated with saving rates (Heer Suessmuth, 2006). EFFECT OF INTEREST RATE ON SAVINGS RATE El-Seoud (2014) concluded from his previously mentioned study that the interest rate in Bahrain, just like inflation, has a positive and significant effect on the national saving rate in the short run. However, in the long run, El-Seoud (2014) saw that while the interest rate still has a positive relationship on Bahrain’s saving rate, this effect is now insignificant. On the other hand, in the results acquired from the study of Syden (2014) on South Africa, it showed that interest rate has a negative relationship and significantly impacts the saving behavior of South Africa. In a study on the Turkish economy, the researchers found that there was no significant relationship between interest rates and saving rate found in the long run (Er, Tugcu Coban, 2014). (Challe Ragot) (Romer) References El-Seoud, M. S. (2014). The Effect of Interest Rate, Inflation Rate And GDP On National Savings Rate. Retrieved from http://www.gifre.org/admin/papers/gjcmp/1-7-EFFECT-vol-3-3-gjcmp.pdf Syden, M. (2014). Trends and Determinants of Household Saving in South Africa. Economic Affairs: 59(2): 191-208 Cheng, Q. Li, X. (2014). Cross-Country Effects of Inflation on National Savings. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/52867/Cross-Country Effects of Inflation on National Savings(ECON3161).pdf Chaturvedi, V., Kumar, B. Dholakia, R. H. (2009). Inter-Relationship between Economic Growth, Savings and Inflation in Asia. Journal of International Economic Studies, No.23, 1–22. Retrieved from http://repo.lib.hosei.ac.jp/bitstream/10114/3628/1/23VaibhavChaturvedi-ather.pdf Heer, B. Suessmuth, B. (2006). The Savings-Inflation Puzzle. Retrieved from http://www.cesifo-group.de/pls/guestci/download/CESifo Working Papers 2006/CESifo Working Papers January 2006/cesifo1_wp1645.pdf Er, P. H., Tugcu, C. T. Coban O. (2014). Investigating The Link between Savings, Inflation and Economic Growth: An ARDL Analysis for The Case of Turkey. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting. Vol. 1, Issue 2. Wachtel, P. (1977). Inflation, Uncertainty, and Saving Behavior since the Mid-1950s. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9102.pdf Bibliography Bande, R., Riveiro, D. (2012, October). Private Saving Rates and Macroeconomic Uncertainty: Evidence from Spanish Regional Data. Iberian Regional Economics Network. Retrieved March 2015, from http://otega.usc.es/docs_idega/documentos_de_traballo/irene/irene_4.pdf Challe, E., Ragot, X. (n.d.). Precautionary Saving over the Business Cycle. Retrieved March 2015, from http://www.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.57517.1321520817!/ChalleRagot.pdf Chowdhurry, A. (2014, December). Terms of Trade shocks and Private Savings in the developing Countries. Journal of Comparative Economics. Retrieved March 2015, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2015.02.006 Elmerraji, J. (2010, February 28). How Savings Are Saving the Economy. Retrieved February 2015, from http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0310/savings-are-a-blessing-in-a-slow-recovery.aspx Horioka, C. Y., Terada-Hagiwara, A. (2011, November). The Determinants and Long-Term Projections of Saving Ratesin Developing Asia. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w17581 Lequiller, F., Blades, D. (2007). Understanding National Accounts. 415. doi:10.1787/9789264027657-en Loayza, N., Schmidt-Hebbel, K., Serven, L. (2000). Saving in Developing Countries: An Overview. The World Bank Economic Review, 14, 393-414. Piana, V. (2003). Savings. Economics Web Institute. Retrieved February 2015, from http://www.economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/savings.htm Riley, J. (2012, September). Economic Environment. Retrieved March http://www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/economy-business-cycle.html, 2015 Romer, C. (n.d.). Business Cycles. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrieved March 2015, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/BusinessCycles.html Sothan, S. (2014). Causal Relationship between Domestic Saving and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cambodia. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6. doi:10.5539/ijef.v6n9p213 Syden, M. (2014, June). Trends and Determinants of Household Saving in South Africa. Economic Affairs. doi:10.5958/J.0976-4666.59.2.018 Zaman, R., Carannate, M., Ferra, E. (2013, June 17). Effects of Uncertainty on Household Saving Rate. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Retrieved March 2015, from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51208/

Ramadan Celebration Essay

Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic Calendar, is considered as one of the holiest months of the year. In this month when the prophet Muhammad was said to have received the holy book (Quran). Each day during Ramadan, followers of Islam, known as Muslims, do not eat or drink from sunrise to sunset; they are also supposed to avoid bad thoughts and bad behavior. Muslims break their daily fasts by sharing meals with family and friends. During Ramadan Muslims fast from dawn to sunset. All Muslims who have reached puberty and are in good health are required to fast. At sunset, families get together to break the fast known as Ifatr. You start eating with two or more dates like the Prophet Peace Be Upon use to do. The Ifatr meals consist on milk, water, dates, and desserts. (A team of cardiologists in the UAE found that people observing Ramadan enjoy a positive effect on their lipid profile, which means there is a reduction of cholesterol in the blood) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan It is very important in Ramadan to pray 5 times daily, and recite Quran every day. Ramadan helps us become patient and washes away our bad deeds. It reminds us of the people that are starving and teaches us that how lucky we are that Allah-Tallah provided us with these benefits and help us become better Muslim. After the Ifatri you go to Mosque and pray Magrib and Isha to complete your fast. Thirdly, in Ramadan avoid bad thoughts and bad behavior. Respect your elder and listen to them, you are not allowed to use foul language or hit someone. Keep your mind away from the bad thoughts and the best way to do that is pray and keep saying Allahakabar, Alhumdullah, and Astagfirullah it will keep your mind away from bad thoughts. In Quran Allah- Tallah said if one does not abandon falsehood in words and deeds, Allah has no need for his abandoning of his food and drink.’

How does Shakespeare present love in ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’? Essay

Shakespeare uses many different themes to present love; relationships, conflict, magic, dreams and fate. Overall, he presents it as something with the ability to make us act irrationally and foolishly. Within A Midsummer Night’s Dream we see many examples of how being ‘in love’ can cause someone to change their perspective entirely. ‘The path of true love never did run smooth’ is a comment made from one of the main characters, Lysander, which sums up the play’s idea that lovers always face difficult hurdles on the path to happiness and will usually turn them into madmen. Shakespeare presents love through the relationship shared by Hermia and Lysander. This relationship, at the start of the play, is portrayed as the traditional true love; Hermia chooses to become a nun instead of marrying the man her father has chosen for her such as her bond with Lysander and intentions for him, ‘I will tield my virgin patent up Unto his lordship’, and they decide to elope, ‘Through Athens’ gates have we devis’d to steal.’ However, as the play develops our perception of their love differs, after Lysander is mistakenly put under a spell meant for Demetrius he attempts to pursue his new love, Helena, without any regard for Hermia, ‘Not Hermia but Helena I love’, he now treats Hermia as if she had always meant nothing to him, ‘Should I hurt her, strike her, kill her dead? Although I hate her, I’ll harm her not so’, the magic potion removes any positive emotions. He also presents love through the dominating relationship through the father-daughter figures shared by Egeus and Hermia within the play. In the time the play was set the father made the decision who his daughter would marry because of the patriarchal society they lived in, ‘As she is mine, I may dispose of her’, however Egeus did not chose Lysander to marry Hermia, he chose Demetrius, ‘all my right of her I do estate unto Demetrius’. Despite how they expected Hermia to obey them, she defied her father’s will and fought for the love that she and Lysander shared, this shows how she was unwilling to follow society’s expectations as love empowers people to be independent and go against social norms, however Theseus, the King of Athens, warned her: ‘if you yield not to your father’s choice, you can endure the livery of a nun’, as he must enforce the law as her father’s words are absolute and if Hermia chooses to go against them she will have to face the consequences. Other relationships that represent female power that is suppressed by male authority are the ones shared by Theseus and Hippolyta and Oberon and Titania. These two relationships share many characteristics, they both hold the title of King and Queen; Theseus and Hippolyta being the King and Queen of Athens and Oberon and Titania being the King and Queen of the Fairies but also the male dominance within the relationships. Theseus holds dominance over Hippolyta as he reminds her ‘I wooed thee with my sword’, which could lead the reader to assume that Hippolyta held some sort of authority before she was conquered by the man she is now ‘betrothed’ to. We also see how Oberon holds dominance over Titania by how he questions her ‘am not I thy lord?’ and how he speaks of her after she has denied him what he wants ‘thou shalt not from this grove Till I torment thee for this injury.’ Even though, Titania, unlike Hippolyta, retaliates to enforce her power in the relationship ‘Then I must by thy lady’ and accuses him of ‘versing love to amorous Phillida’, Oberon is very insistent that he remains control of Titania and therefore uses his loyal jester, Puck, to use magic to humiliate her as a punishment for disrespecting him. This shows how he believes that women should obey men and follow their every command; he punishes her by forcing her, by using magic, to fall in love with Bottom who, at the time, was half human, half donkey. He does this to humiliate and shame her to make her realise that she is nothing without him. Because Oberon believes that women are the inferior sex he sympathises with Helena, she is in love with Demetrius and is willing to do anything for him ‘I am your spaniel’ because that is also how she believes relationships should be, he appears to endorse this subservience, therefore he chooses to cause Demetrius to fall madly in love with her. The artificial love given by Titania to Bottom demonstrates how magic can duplicate the realist atmosphere given from true love as both of those involved are unable to recognise that it is false. True love can cloud judgement and Shakespeare shows how artificial love can do the same, Titania is convinced Bottom is beautiful even though he has the head of a donkey ‘Thou art as wise as thou art beautiful’. Bottom responds to the beautiful, magical fairy queen’s devotion as nothing out of the ordinary and that all of the trappings of her affection, including having servants attend him, are his proper due. His unawareness of the fact that his head has been transformed into that of an ass parallels his inability to perceive the absurdity of the idea that Titania could ever truly fall in love with him. However, Shakespeare uses Bottom to draw the audience’s attention to serious themes, such as the relationship between reality and imagination. He is also the most down-to-earth character in the play as he does recognise that Titania’s statements about him aren’t true, when Titania devotes her love to him ‘On the first view to say, to swear, I love thee.’, Bottoms responds with ‘Methinks, mistress, you should have little reason for that’, also when Titania states ‘Thou art as wise as thou art beautiful’ Bottom corrects her with ‘Not so, neither: but if I had wit enough to get out of this wood, I have enough to serve mine own turn’, showing that he knows love and reason don’t often work at the same level. Shakespeare also uses Bottom to remind the audience of a recurring theme in the play: whether love and reason can relate, and should love be based on reason or fantasy? Shakespeare also presents love through conflict, for example, the friendship shared by Hermia and Helena show how even best friends since youth can be turned against each other when love is involved. Shakespeare wants to show the audience the great friendship they share ‘Is all the counsel that we two have shared, The sisters’ vows, the hours that we have spent’, ‘As if our hands, our sides, voices, and minds Had been incorporate. So we grew together,’, this then allows the audience to understand how severe love can be and how their strong friendship quickly disintegrated when they became involved with the two men; their entire childhood together is forgotten in an instant as they both begin to argue, Hermia feeling cheated and thinking Helena was the one to blame ‘O me, you juggler, you canker-blossom,’ and Helena, thinking it is all a cruel trick against her ‘Lo, she is one of this confederacy. Now I perceive they have conjoined all three To fashion this false sport in spite of me. Shakespeare wanted the audience to realise how the magic within the play isn’t all to blame for the conflict as it is not the love potion which has had this effect on the women directly. Their relationship has changed completely, their friendship before the argument contrasts greatly to the hostility afterwards, all caused by a mischievous spirit. Shakespeare presents love through the fairies’ magic which creates the comedic atmosphere given throughout the play. Shakespeare shows how magic distorts true love by how easily Demetrius’ and Lysander’s hearts are manipulated by Puck’s magic potion. At the beginning of the play Shakespeare makes the effort to show the audience the strong and loyal love Hermia and Lysander devote to each other, ‘I am beloved of beauteous Hermia’ is how Lysander speaks of Hermia before the love charm is cast upon him. However after it is cast he expresses his feelings for his new true love, Helena, almost immediately, ‘Not Hermia, but Helena I love!’. When Lysander fights for Helena Shakespeare purposefully makes it almost impossible for the audience to tell the difference between the two men, as he wants them to know that all foolish young lovers are alike.